{"id":"W4414613751","doi":"10.1080/17457289.2025.2551056","title":"On the relationship between age and intentional invalid voting in compulsory elections","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties","topic":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Ottawa","funders":"Australian Research Council; Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Voting; Ranked voting system; Government (linguistics); Context (archaeology); Bullet voting; Spoilt vote","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.007392531,0.0001971613,0.0003972173,0.00116522,0.001030774,0.001719764,0.0007091478,0.0008904528,0.00441045],"category_scores_gemma":[0.02555682,0.0002066271,0.000636388,0.002003419,0.001246558,0.001136379,0.001460199,0.001631704,0.0006380611],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008875073,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009265252,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01977622,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04027172,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9961377,0.001839588,0.0003575251,0.0003439686,0.0006114058,0.0007097939],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9422658,0.03012147,0.01846016,0.001953791,0.00230337,0.004895443],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005056076,0.00005895456,0.9978111,0.000003459408,0.00001564141,0.00003109897,0.0006266976,0.00005248906,0.00002512893,0.0002698283,0.00004543368,0.001009542],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000001674018,0.00006699541,0.9983394,0.000006401614,0.00001215787,0.00005658531,0.0008783346,0.0002622576,0.00002486205,0.0001844309,0.0001629258,0.000003926896],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9985148,0.0001294073,0.00006416264,0.000221698,0.000005248709,0.000004837343,0.00006874409,9.456153e-7,0.0009901203],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993632,0.00006787296,0.00004258365,0.00001912841,0.000007620032,0.000003515527,0.00007358882,0.00000116032,0.0004212237],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01977622,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.03932226,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1936211096017217,"score_gpt":0.4088936478072008,"score_spread":0.215272538205479,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}