{"id":"W4414711448","doi":"10.1016/j.proci.2025.105850","title":"Oxygen dynamics in smouldering combustion: Impacts on reaction zones and biochar production","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the Combustion Institute","topic":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Canadian Nuclear Laboratories","funders":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Royal Society; Open University","keywords":"Biochar; Production (economics); Oxygen; Yield (engineering)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00018383,0.0002851439,0.0002093495,0.0001914435,0.0001520422,0.0003553133,0.0002237811,0.000308431,0.0005487592],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003260109,0.0001464986,0.0003021928,0.0001500543,0.0001981204,0.0004040225,0.0002213261,0.0003548023,0.00009804011],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003978503,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001709259,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002617636,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00401467,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999158,0.000006099106,0.0000050745,0.00002923288,0.00002041356,0.00002330004],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998829,0.000050835,0.00002615656,0.000007983959,0.00001920936,0.00001292242],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003469143,0.00004121943,0.006027062,0.00009005841,0.00001347401,0.00007067734,0.00007246762,0.003780112,0.9847283,0.0002102411,0.00003588886,0.004583532],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001161959,0.0002280118,0.02480902,0.00001096781,0.00001734956,0.00003896275,0.0001055793,0.02654941,0.9474314,0.0001634052,0.0006198346,0.00001435142],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984439,0.0002853202,0.0009135815,0.00001396329,0.000004821162,0.000004445654,0.0000630389,0.000018188,0.0002527066],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991676,0.0001501612,0.0004204941,0.00000635652,9.859428e-7,0.000003177252,0.00005377606,0.000006496682,0.0001910278],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002617636,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005204856,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009098699855037664,"score_gpt":0.216520590506991,"score_spread":0.2074218906519533,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}