{"id":"W4414715633","doi":"10.1016/j.cartre.2025.100579","title":"Precursor effects on surface functionalization, photoluminescence, and cytotoxicity of carbon dots synthesized via microwave-assisted methods","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Carbon Trends","topic":"Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications","field":"Materials Science","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; Western University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Biocompatibility; Cytotoxicity; Viability assay; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Photoluminescence; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Surface charge; Spectroscopy","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005079324,0.0002442275,0.000454146,0.000248422,0.00009429798,0.0000389243,0.0001850184,0.000148219,0.0000466312],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001824903,0.0002278993,0.00008703112,0.0008905655,0.0001871329,0.00004011362,0.00006859632,0.0001068517,0.000002264474],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000794112,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00007269027,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002378444,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00005604385,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982668,0.0003248702,0.000410083,0.000528327,0.0002207572,0.0002491476],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9984671,0.0006127647,0.0002054814,0.0004868609,0.0001343762,0.00009340057],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001318927,0.000120359,0.0009539467,0.0001271214,0.00002595354,0.000001271552,0.00008610394,0.00001260383,0.9918207,0.001362672,0.0001080651,0.005249313],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0007138109,0.00007557048,0.01976732,0.0001195055,0.0001091424,0.000004974543,0.0000156302,0.003665588,0.974667,0.0002591496,0.0003996322,0.0002026899],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.981211,0.00041495,0.00158481,0.0002038267,0.0004620416,0.0002814011,0.00001858405,0.0001239542,0.0156994],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953976,0.0000218771,0.002594064,0.0001192606,0.00003587459,0.00008375951,0.00001492196,0.00002057178,0.001712084],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01881337,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9293463,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01291945117858388,"score_gpt":0.2939393835303431,"score_spread":0.2810199323517592,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}