{"id":"W4414718675","doi":"10.1016/j.geb.2025.09.006","title":"Robust price discrimination","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Games and Economic Behavior","topic":"Consumer Market Behavior and Pricing","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"European Research Council; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme; United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation; HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council; Israel Science Foundation; United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","keywords":"Valuation (finance); Regret; Price discrimination; Bounded function; Economic surplus; Upper and lower bounds; Market segmentation","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001447349,0.0001093233,0.0001293528,0.0001703924,0.0001263583,0.0002648648,0.0000938065,0.00004485322,0.0004615541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000008764349,0.0001097281,0.00004237502,0.00007123241,0.000034019,0.0005241599,0.0001230093,0.00006733932,0.00007999573],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00002773281,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001348907,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007767783,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0002905586,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994132,0.000003089287,0.0001738389,0.000222962,0.00002732434,0.0001596188],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997521,0.00001836527,0.00006623314,0.0001370575,0.00001809134,0.000008140556],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001514917,0.00004804869,0.6800867,0.00007618599,0.000009438515,0.000003150613,0.00003351016,0.00001004499,0.0001744167,0.01100422,0.002924633,0.3056145],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003214949,0.000002116092,0.937804,0.00002839625,0.0001859721,0.00000160902,0.0002112108,0.0008844103,0.00002294062,0.0002485936,0.06012218,0.0001670477],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9654605,0.0001632304,0.0001473604,0.0005391535,0.000588679,0.0001747085,0.00000250809,0.00006649033,0.03285737],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9968514,0.0000337459,0.0000753597,0.0003939109,0.0001479643,0.00004768043,0.00001450459,0.000009658712,0.002425709],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3054475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5053694,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02656304571821325,"score_gpt":0.2357445361945887,"score_spread":0.2091814904763754,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}