{"id":"W4414802801","doi":"10.3171/2025.5.jns242939","title":"Trends and contributing factors in medicolegal cases involving cranial surgery in Canada","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of neurosurgery","topic":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto; Canadian Medical Protective Association; University of Ottawa; Nova Scotia Health Authority; Dalhousie University","funders":"","keywords":"Theme (computing); Neurosurgery; MEDLINE; Corrective surgery; Cranial nerves","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.003249689,0.0001294816,0.0007139159,0.0008516003,0.0001393882,0.0000156852,0.00008898169,0.0001114793,0.000181481],"category_scores_gemma":[0.03477473,0.0001041378,0.00007382477,0.0007684252,0.00004311266,0.0003134082,0.00006724467,0.001306827,3.764639e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004248237,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.004376285,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.4048439,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.6560991,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9963518,0.001081488,0.001544406,0.0001481076,0.0003731383,0.0005011088],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9654815,0.0335238,0.000580907,0.0001052861,0.0001173883,0.0001911771],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001291988,0.0000446726,0.9855535,0.0001412194,0.000008583064,0.001392693,0.0003043972,0.000003607905,0.00009905767,0.00002699336,0.009220569,0.003075494],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000467821,0.00001838666,0.9803999,0.0009938041,0.0000143573,0.00002327533,0.003102842,0.00003945752,0.0000246057,0.00003166436,0.0148078,0.00007605983],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9828541,0.0005134754,0.00000199093,0.01334135,0.002996836,0.0000732689,0.00000823497,0.000004980847,0.0002057126],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973165,0.0002765374,0.00000405217,0.002089299,0.0002139863,0.000003172937,0.000001781821,0.000007511774,0.00008718823],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2512552,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9733558,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05970993322117062,"score_gpt":0.3825289090918957,"score_spread":0.3228189758707251,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}