{"id":"W4414843801","doi":"10.1017/pan.2025.10018","title":"Survey Professionalism: New Evidence from Web Browsing Data","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Political Analysis","topic":"Survey Methodology and Nonresponse","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"European Research Council; University of Cambridge; Charles Koch Foundation; John S. and James L. Knight Foundation; Craig Newmark Philanthropies; New York University; York University","keywords":"Web survey; Quality (philosophy); Demographics; Survey data collection; Selection (genetic algorithm); Survey research; Resource (disambiguation); Data quality","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaresearch","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.02472601,0.0001020282,0.0003539378,0.0002379221,0.0004394079,0.00007155074,0.0009130838,0.0001785962,0.001813973],"category_scores_gemma":[0.1086245,0.00009021058,0.0001103126,0.002226219,0.00038425,0.0002560736,0.0003374178,0.0002059493,0.00008288622],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00007759911,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00140022,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2014887,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09336249,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9744583,0.02390166,0.0002838107,0.0004921216,0.0003535138,0.0005105381],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9373491,0.06151045,0.00004799636,0.0007220738,0.000127506,0.0002428175],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005521842,0.00006045291,0.9487213,0.000003582273,0.0009723405,0.000008329897,0.0006811118,0.000003482202,0.000088663,0.03798939,0.008496811,0.002422271],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008987341,0.000003298563,0.9800724,0.00003874677,0.0008174487,3.721919e-8,0.0004945936,0.0007818681,0.00005137865,0.01284072,0.004690777,0.0001188664],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9006011,0.002983039,0.0364568,0.04824466,0.0009544349,0.0001915816,0.0005952585,0.0001592266,0.009813896],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9860072,0.00004493211,0.002703433,0.001510207,0.0001800471,0.00000237243,0.0001952974,0.000003896392,0.00935261],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1081262,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9990985,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.6685309904221518,"score_gpt":0.5838093600588632,"score_spread":0.08472163036328861,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}