{"id":"W4414858561","doi":"10.36227/techrxiv.175001088.84355523/v1","title":"Doppler-Based Positioning with LEO Satellites: A Survey of Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"","topic":"Satellite Communication Systems","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","keywords":"Satellite; Visibility; Doppler effect; Global Positioning System; Low earth orbit; Satellite system; Satellite navigation; SIGNAL (programming language)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001418498,0.0006057425,0.0008004233,0.002604196,0.0003940024,0.001482456,0.001013272,0.0008236828,0.001267351],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002188238,0.0005274742,0.0004331194,0.004461214,0.0007480568,0.002650636,0.000907266,0.0009965166,0.0009934107],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004851554,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007498958,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002104514,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002225507,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991187,0.0001922724,0.00008041775,0.0001498612,0.0004163339,0.0000423868],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987023,0.0006705464,0.0001240603,0.00009717814,0.000373936,0.00003190753],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00004314257,0.00004326016,0.00296165,0.003932813,0.00005667826,0.0001662318,0.0003064682,0.005359473,0.004641222,0.01312013,0.004619077,0.9647499],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002340586,0.0004945968,0.008351952,0.004056278,0.0001804723,0.002807108,0.001212176,0.02775519,0.008590772,0.02021387,0.9260626,0.0002516893],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.007198192,0.862511,0.1100232,0.001660619,0.0007328644,0.00007397235,0.0001544772,0.0001742252,0.01747146],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.05214764,0.8734801,0.06793904,0.000535553,0.001283269,0.00005961299,0.0003049387,0.00006309256,0.004186711],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002604196,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007501841,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.09066465672784675,"score_gpt":0.2630812820028225,"score_spread":0.1724166252749758,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}