{"id":"W4414874416","doi":"10.3390/lubricants13100440","title":"Advances and Challenges in Bio-Based Lubricants for Sustainable Tribological Applications: A Comprehensive Review of Trends, Additives, and Performance Evaluation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"Lubricants","topic":"Lubricants and Their Additives","field":"Engineering","cited_by":4,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"European union; Sustainable development; Tribology; Mainstream; Efficient energy use; Material efficiency","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004505182,0.0004547264,0.001900234,0.0005235368,0.00006973218,0.00001758793,0.0002107645,0.000174372,0.00003183013],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001270404,0.000372751,0.000148235,0.0008182785,0.0001757186,0.0001731378,0.00007287452,0.0001991333,8.046961e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001433001,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001941846,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00000517352,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003526267,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9978954,0.0001895638,0.0007153578,0.0005559662,0.0002310745,0.0004126994],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981235,0.0009411749,0.0003017272,0.0002999707,0.0002488308,0.00008483528],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000007749539,0.00003537092,0.000004605088,0.1957272,0.00004657451,0.000001537799,0.00001008778,0.000006358389,3.226396e-8,0.0001579251,0.0002642191,0.8037384],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005436966,0.0001184632,0.0002103242,0.0557585,0.000387683,0.00001157773,0.000103208,0.0008382437,0.000001839614,0.00006963596,0.9415845,0.00037238],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00001105427,0.9946612,0.0001007816,0.00004745346,0.00003797082,0.002862405,0.0005599764,0.00005591976,0.001663291],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0001962493,0.9952978,0.000315238,0.00002326368,0.0000361803,0.003618196,0.0004328952,0.00003538911,0.00004479347],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9413202,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998724,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06610987463892162,"score_gpt":0.332768991784957,"score_spread":0.2666591171460354,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}