{"id":"W4414989241","doi":"10.3390/su17198949","title":"Rethinking Growth in the Gulf: The Role of Renewable Energy, Electricity Use, and Economic Openness in Oil-Rich Economies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sustainability","topic":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","field":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","keywords":"Openness to experience; Renewable energy; Panel data; Electricity; Diversification (marketing strategy); Foreign direct investment; Robustness (evolution); Sustainable growth rate","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001445581,0.0005725943,0.0003904885,0.001310098,0.0005296655,0.002363472,0.0003295908,0.0005167257,0.001710719],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003769494,0.0001479851,0.0007312166,0.001966855,0.001402016,0.002414423,0.002250029,0.001261942,0.0001985218],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0009713572,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001194349,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02648603,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.022573,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996749,0.0001000195,0.00002769132,0.00006738203,0.00005422235,0.00007583245],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9981467,0.0007462469,0.000681621,0.00008811787,0.0002038673,0.0001336127],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002302528,0.0001096449,0.9211472,0.0001589739,0.0003167631,0.001017458,0.003448402,0.01921473,0.0009943673,0.01599696,0.001208083,0.03615707],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002552614,0.0002034401,0.9172527,0.0005526363,0.0003796279,0.0002477763,0.02179701,0.02605564,0.002247951,0.01945223,0.01170551,0.00007988662],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9919358,0.001320893,0.0007589831,0.001724736,0.00004733134,0.000005452405,0.0002300744,0.00001082241,0.003965874],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9980524,0.0009179763,0.0002688098,0.0001138597,0.0000178901,0.000004036687,0.000214439,0.000005484912,0.000405158],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02648603,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05266374,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0101786432040259,"score_gpt":0.2016543481335915,"score_spread":0.1914757049295656,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}