{"id":"W4415047105","doi":"10.1029/2025gl117469","title":"Direct Radiation Belt Injections and Their Auroral Counterparts","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Geophysical Research Letters","topic":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Mesoscale meteorology; Van Allen radiation belt; Radiation; Earth's magnetic field; Electron; Geomagnetic storm; Relativistic particle","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001830031,0.0002496206,0.0001994106,0.0004174554,0.000248192,0.0006674083,0.0002894828,0.0003822749,0.001357123],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0007545904,0.000135755,0.0002759716,0.0003355032,0.0003798494,0.0002944716,0.0005527644,0.0002425735,0.00009949028],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002889241,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000116004,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002354157,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002137217,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998715,0.000026225,0.000008600638,0.00003142906,0.00003410278,0.00002816587],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995188,0.0001529066,0.0001955884,0.00005407374,0.00003127859,0.00004732833],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0009456315,0.0003080743,0.8417876,0.0001893041,0.0002981551,0.01891431,0.001293925,0.06098199,0.0332256,0.008904748,0.0008869287,0.03226383],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001663145,0.0007028091,0.7883129,0.00005943458,0.0001779736,0.008772758,0.001456461,0.1713595,0.01537776,0.005162329,0.008396594,0.00005512581],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9951867,0.0001253105,0.001643271,0.00003443391,0.000003826216,0.00001888311,0.0001151319,0.00004932586,0.002823147],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993862,0.0000338836,0.0003555662,0.000003708869,0.000004673022,0.000003042842,0.00004586987,0.000002977572,0.0001640922],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002354157,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.004680872,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01049634336146715,"score_gpt":0.28730608945952,"score_spread":0.2768097460980528,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}