{"id":"W4415092555","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01917-8","title":"Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Lancet","topic":"Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":275,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of the Fraser Valley; Canadian Red Cross Society; Alberta Health Services; McGill University; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Centre for Advancing Health Outcomes; Health Sciences North; University of Alberta; University Health Network; University of Manitoba; Université de Montréal; Population Health Research Institute; Western University; Hospital for Sick Children; University of New Brunswick; McMaster University; Impact; York University; BC Children's Hospital; University of Windsor; University of Calgary; University of Waterloo; University of British Columbia; Dalhousie University; University of Toronto; Centre for Global Health Research; Queen's University","funders":"Institut canadien d'information sur la santé; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Center for Health Statistics; Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council; Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University; Sixth Framework Programme; Science and Engineering Research Board; National Health and Medical Research Council; Eurostat; Medical Research Council; Economic Growth Center, Yale University; Fifth Framework Programme; Seventh Framework Programme; Rollins School of Public Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; National Science and Technology Council; National Institute on Aging; Suicide Prevention Australia; Tasmanian Department of Health; National Institute for Medical Research; Universiteit van Tilburg; Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; Ministry of Health, State of Israel; University of Ghana; Ministry of Public Health; Novo Nordisk; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Monash University; University of Tasmania; Socialdepartementet; AstraZeneca; Tufts University; European Commission; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences; National Institute of Mental Health; Ministry of Health and Population; Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării şi Digitalizării; Sociedad Madrileña de Nefrología; United States Agency for International Development; Gilead Research Scholars; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Fresenius Medical Care North America; European Food Safety Authority; H. Lundbeck A/S; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; University of Sydney; Ministry of Health, New Zealand; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology; World Health Organization; Wellcome Trust; Ministero della Salute; Nepal Health Research Council, Government of Nepal; Queensland Health; Eli Lilly and Company; Health Protection Agency; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Addis Ababa University; Gilead Sciences; International Association for Suicide Prevention; Swedish Orphan Biovitrum; Astellas Pharma; Bayer; University of Michigan; Université de Lausanne; Universitatea 'Dunărea de Jos' Galați; Indian Council of Medical Research; Department of Health and Social Care; National Research University Higher School of Economics; Universidad de Costa Rica; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries; Yale University; Japan Science and Technology Agency; International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society; Sanofi; The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance; Peking University; National Institute for Health and Care Research; University of California Berkeley; Pfizer; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Public Health Institute; Biogen; Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India; GAVI Alliance; David and Lucile Packard Foundation","keywords":"Burden of disease; Disease burden; Disease; Global health; Double burden; Cause of death","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001510607,0.00009371012,0.0004743306,0.00008512186,0.0002007882,0.00005603638,0.0003671698,0.00002684011,0.000004012235],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003509048,0.00006158583,0.00006953316,0.001047786,0.0004772054,0.00007846238,0.0000898604,0.00002861781,1.402372e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00006757207,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001179741,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":true,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.04995794,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.06066577,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985703,0.0002834901,0.0003925994,0.0001575204,0.0004440093,0.0001520758],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9987428,0.000487543,0.0002324317,0.0003145797,0.000197918,0.00002468404],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008155013,0.00005880526,0.9147405,0.001278339,0.0008103349,4.367143e-7,0.002918138,0.0007396022,1.673279e-7,0.07911887,0.00023224,0.00002104246],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005310943,0.00002452208,0.9690847,0.0002440558,0.001230695,4.62691e-8,0.01890033,0.0006458148,5.901914e-7,0.009025364,0.0002528403,0.00005998314],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9888721,0.004924114,0.0002220319,0.002652308,0.0001495749,0.001636347,0.001094979,0.00001123347,0.0004373551],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9991472,0.000474497,0.00003729766,0.00002876296,0.0001070822,0.0001279456,0.000009533828,0.000001914301,0.00006572901],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.07009351,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9564747,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02321389324970612,"score_gpt":0.3359092762858264,"score_spread":0.3126953830361203,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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