{"id":"W4415096502","doi":"10.5539/jel.v15n1p342","title":"Students’ Perceptions of English as a Medium of Instruction in Saudi Universities with Respect to Their Intellectual and Linguistic Abilities","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Education and Learning","topic":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","field":"Arts and Humanities","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Medium of instruction; Comprehension; Remedial education; Perception; Arabic; Language proficiency; Face (sociological concept); Reading comprehension","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001336887,0.000222887,0.0002319419,0.0005778386,0.0009575448,0.001992243,0.0002460693,0.0004181586,0.001943134],"category_scores_gemma":[0.004270401,0.0001508031,0.0002048756,0.0004074675,0.0007363422,0.000643047,0.0009410757,0.0005845925,0.000350546],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0007316554,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001041011,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01192087,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01637505,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992006,0.0001992835,0.00008986541,0.00004434838,0.0002501294,0.0002157551],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9959669,0.000680945,0.001095808,0.0000719962,0.0009491575,0.001235157],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003403804,0.0004653065,0.866025,0.0001517767,0.00003302912,0.0006768013,0.0961648,0.0001779756,0.005891092,0.0004041109,0.000676479,0.02899315],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001471998,0.0008911933,0.76765,0.0001437208,0.00003795105,0.0004235952,0.2232881,0.0005133775,0.001884029,0.0001684608,0.004933053,0.00005179226],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9993765,0.00005134771,0.00001355647,0.00007069642,0.000002688496,0.00000238729,0.00000593155,6.703003e-7,0.0004761312],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.999577,0.00007103097,0.00002050927,0.00003702076,0.000001500003,0.00000194247,0.00000691531,6.618238e-7,0.0002833732],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01192087,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02370298,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009570959406654339,"score_gpt":0.2703625725321272,"score_spread":0.2607916131254728,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}