{"id":"W4415101074","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.10.001","title":"Record-breaking western North Pacific subtropical high during 2023","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Gondwana Research","topic":"Climate variability and models","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou); National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Program on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry","keywords":"Sea surface temperature; Tropical cyclone; Subtropics; Subtropical ridge; Global warming; Anomaly (physics); Ridge; Climate change","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0005487668,0.000424413,0.0001927734,0.0005546911,0.0006429725,0.001130267,0.0005456125,0.0009227312,0.00430371],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001239752,0.0002297808,0.0004040362,0.001527185,0.0001776748,0.00082447,0.001052264,0.0009707217,0.0008690424],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001706068,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002302983,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.2058404,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.269563,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998794,0.000009626804,0.0000115779,0.00003076206,0.00002387757,0.00004478168],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995269,0.00003505057,0.0001166088,0.00005368214,0.0001729587,0.00009473315],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0004841047,0.0001680913,0.8910973,0.0002395476,0.0004899513,0.0007353778,0.001037974,0.01012663,0.004553393,0.002463647,0.05228428,0.03631978],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001746263,0.00001400829,0.9752424,0.00006043059,0.00006479732,0.00008893478,0.0007025534,0.005814788,0.0005755537,0.0004892612,0.01690578,0.00002412752],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9317877,0.0005483312,0.0007431157,0.00332005,0.0003210735,0.00002708958,0.05288626,0.0001895777,0.0101768],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9654858,0.000455749,0.0005863524,0.000579718,0.0001012031,0.00006774149,0.02827105,0.00003857431,0.004413904],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2058404,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4092845,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05228399769548459,"score_gpt":0.3297475234071349,"score_spread":0.2774635257116503,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}