{"id":"W4415208425","doi":"10.1007/s44217-025-00861-4","title":"Exploring elementary students’ learning of astronomy through constructing visual representations","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Discover Education","topic":"Science Education and Pedagogy","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Cape Breton University","funders":"","keywords":"Function (biology); Task (project management); Representation (politics); Reading (process); Negotiation; Protocol analysis; Frame (networking); Field (mathematics); Cognition","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004515584,0.00005576097,0.00007887795,0.0001136585,0.0004806695,0.00009617532,0.0001884135,0.00001873183,0.0003330354],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003012098,0.0000629902,0.00003701694,0.000513427,0.0001755434,0.0009857311,0.000037917,0.0001019399,0.00001105387],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001163881,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001497786,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.005417951,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00025049,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989947,0.0001876543,0.0002155694,0.0001798279,0.0002653789,0.0001568876],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994737,0.0001644588,0.00012239,0.00009846963,0.0001056089,0.00003539822],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003732917,0.0001760382,0.8052068,0.000008341652,0.00001544395,2.163404e-8,0.05658784,0.0000406318,0.0001709429,0.08630966,0.0006059604,0.05087454],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001088963,0.00001045895,0.1241296,0.00004248082,0.00001701408,1.08886e-7,0.7978734,0.000002558166,0.001057875,0.0009204688,0.07576694,0.00007011402],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9385884,0.0000448449,0.004782517,0.001403219,0.00212511,0.0001849178,8.569035e-7,0.00002217753,0.052848],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9932073,0.00005256079,0.002936915,0.000137842,0.0002173901,0.00007494444,0.00002140988,0.000003187728,0.003348495],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7412856,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8190357,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.1235373016615391,"score_gpt":0.4898380534139656,"score_spread":0.3663007517524265,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}