{"id":"W4415210561","doi":"10.3390/s25206312","title":"VR Human-Centric Winter Lane Detection: Performance and Driving Experience Evaluation","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Sensors","topic":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Ontario Tech University; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Driving simulator; Intuition; Snow; Perception; Situation awareness; Poison control; Virtual reality; Detector","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001001627,0.00006978271,0.00007033606,0.00008986996,0.0001155835,0.000009297789,0.00005036622,0.00007749994,0.00003843049],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001511786,0.00007228729,0.00001248312,0.0001444265,0.00004373543,0.00005818659,0.00002046313,0.0001254943,0.00001312843],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00005778954,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000004645136,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002645635,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002083641,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995973,0.00001265957,0.0001015391,0.0001105793,0.0000571171,0.0001208739],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9998203,0.00001503883,0.00001142652,0.0001198112,0.00001902711,0.0000143946],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000184269,0.0000323188,0.130063,0.0001475468,0.0001040781,0.000009475198,0.004018198,0.04366124,0.02862643,0.0008425186,0.0002172443,0.7922595],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004470856,0.00003496911,0.273814,0.00006665258,0.00003029027,0.00001947831,0.0005203013,0.6582027,0.0620839,0.0002456231,0.004310329,0.0002246317],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9924482,0.0001458391,0.0006130766,0.00003182585,0.000173172,0.00009289916,2.233597e-7,0.0003135358,0.006181196],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9995562,0.00004468021,0.00006366782,0.00001539349,0.00001813839,0.00001223676,0.000001024225,0.000006020834,0.0002826619],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7920349,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.294779,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008012825956749134,"score_gpt":0.2394294637718344,"score_spread":0.2314166378150852,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}