{"id":"W4415223868","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmst.2025.08.017","title":"Quantitative characterization of fracture surface undulations and gas-guiding patterns in fractured rocks under steady loading","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"International Journal of Mining Science and Technology","topic":"Hydraulic Fracturing and Reservoir Analysis","field":"Engineering","cited_by":16,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Fracture (geology); Flow (mathematics); Ultimate tensile strength; Bending; Characterization (materials science); Surface (topology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001636188,0.0001356075,0.00010719,0.0005027046,0.0001298488,0.0001537231,0.0001480786,0.0001884203,0.0004283799],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003539578,0.0001310712,0.00009937858,0.0002743095,0.0003607866,0.0002480858,0.0001209158,0.0001629395,0.00003519397],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001383572,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000826824,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0009604119,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001276884,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999223,0.000006525717,0.00000478204,0.0000223324,0.00002957845,0.00001451925],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999801,0.00006014096,0.00005538723,0.00002201425,0.00004513448,0.00001630235],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001367814,0.00002629228,0.01557544,0.00005248348,0.000009276377,0.0001203806,0.0002203888,0.009141206,0.9599798,0.0003295277,0.0000355721,0.01437287],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001012083,0.0002616228,0.258918,0.00001317878,0.00003248234,0.0003562399,0.0004039332,0.1013045,0.6375998,0.0004566666,0.0005863509,0.00005714011],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9967135,0.00005023044,0.0029911,0.000003915517,7.963978e-7,0.00000271915,0.00004562607,0.00001499053,0.0001770565],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9987463,0.00002966207,0.001099059,0.000001282691,4.859461e-7,0.000003551945,0.00003605296,0.000002189321,0.00008142422],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.0009604119,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.001909614,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01146044536465445,"score_gpt":0.2729468049323781,"score_spread":0.2614863595677236,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}