{"id":"W4415255309","doi":"10.1016/j.avb.2025.102095","title":"A history of youth bullying in Western civilization","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Aggression and Violent Behavior","topic":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Brock University","funders":"","keywords":"Perspective (graphical); Aggression; Poison control; Interpretation (philosophy); Suicide prevention; Human factors and ergonomics; Scarcity; Western culture","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009621694,0.0001821742,0.0003693579,0.001489297,0.003913383,0.002040003,0.0002833272,0.0007449076,0.002636141],"category_scores_gemma":[0.001434425,0.0002815854,0.0001935473,0.001592122,0.003503738,0.002102115,0.001936478,0.001724486,0.0002113543],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001777038,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0008227113,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.02975205,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.04976315,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9995054,0.0001643262,0.00004031893,0.0000752038,0.00007176366,0.0001430096],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991036,0.0001660376,0.0002806192,0.00005339865,0.0001519039,0.000244497],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"qualitative","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009964252,0.0001220252,0.363304,0.0005231711,0.00008540141,0.004282734,0.5521614,0.00007647424,0.001251046,0.02032299,0.003625432,0.0541457],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004965081,0.0001536326,0.7437655,0.0009844194,0.00008316655,0.00474315,0.1863045,0.0000839149,0.0004771406,0.002622101,0.0607378,0.00003972472],"study_design_candidate":"qualitative","study_design_consensus":"qualitative","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9673347,0.01354444,0.0002788945,0.002517467,0.0001535054,0.00001606777,0.0001064507,0.00001418135,0.01603419],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9922321,0.005827884,0.0001020406,0.0004725789,0.00008511325,0.000009487968,0.00005189549,0.000006437009,0.001212461],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.02975205,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.05915773,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03300161280328322,"score_gpt":0.3167026762728849,"score_spread":0.2837010634696017,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}