{"id":"W4415259594","doi":"10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaf122","title":"ECG-FM: an open electrocardiogram foundation model","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JAMIA Open","topic":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","field":"Medicine","cited_by":27,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Vector Institute; University of Toronto; University Health Network","funders":"","keywords":"Foundation (evidence); Benchmark (surveying); Model validation; Mathematical model","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003961588,0.0001053373,0.0003152209,0.0001193115,0.0001647917,0.0004357647,0.0006013928,0.00007025888,0.00005050837],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00005443548,0.00009292927,0.00006617782,0.0004324802,0.00001790718,0.0003956115,0.0003585056,0.0001534412,0.00006483166],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001039783,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002206416,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001215096,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000860779,"domain_scores_codex":[0.99913,0.0000486095,0.0001827072,0.00031094,0.0001390317,0.0001887537],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992225,0.00001793261,0.0000448623,0.0005245972,0.0001018329,0.00008834109],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0008660839,0.000989396,0.09220382,0.0001298033,0.001458497,0.00004022073,0.0004488618,0.002897431,0.02520506,0.006009951,0.03464209,0.8351088],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.006148425,0.0008623309,0.03588415,0.0004187136,0.001537299,0.00001456889,0.0005709481,0.8481526,0.01275756,0.01122783,0.0818115,0.0006141185],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.3964061,0.0001706937,0.0664681,0.008752939,0.000389079,0.002480308,0.000006386961,0.0002347099,0.5250917],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9431243,0.00004136396,0.01425512,0.001169674,0.0001302304,0.00006835016,0.000113995,0.00001697144,0.04107997],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.8452551,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4202089,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04183354412196715,"score_gpt":0.4110970820647269,"score_spread":0.3692635379427597,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}