{"id":"W4415261107","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.3759","title":"Transforming Ophthalmic Education With Large Language Models","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JAMA Ophthalmology","topic":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","field":"Medicine","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"St. Michael's Hospital; University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"MEDLINE; Language model; Visual language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000207047,0.0001256946,0.0002234867,0.0002260159,0.000117426,0.00001858663,0.00008882688,0.0001947305,0.000294245],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000073412,0.000105548,0.00005083143,0.0003533906,0.00005431337,0.0001809287,0.00001349332,0.0002649,0.00005066612],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000119538,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0009417054,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0007502373,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001919764,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989733,0.00004932927,0.0002806033,0.0002699007,0.0001091583,0.0003176753],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992884,0.00009593517,0.00005133357,0.0002890941,0.0001809905,0.00009423431],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.003484433,0.004691423,0.2066084,0.002227216,0.0003850132,0.001470386,0.02866137,0.0002884157,0.01405275,0.115994,0.006740097,0.6153964],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.004363512,0.009265349,0.1340884,0.006265874,0.001659677,0.07778609,0.2181021,0.02087058,0.3098273,0.1772291,0.03733375,0.003208274],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8976319,0.0007581459,0.001840904,0.005135814,0.000501716,0.0004900129,0.000003719223,0.00004568162,0.09359207],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.990882,0.00002280005,0.0009441558,0.001290695,0.0002093446,0.0001211981,0.00006463053,0.00001578107,0.006449411],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6121882,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4304121,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.06599919106901161,"score_gpt":0.4205360509321157,"score_spread":0.3545368598631041,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}