{"id":"W4415296717","doi":"10.26685/urncst.894","title":"Metformin and Mitochondrial Apoptosis in Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"article","venue":"Undergraduate Research in Natural and Clinical Science and Technology (URNCST) Journal","topic":"Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University","funders":"","keywords":"Metformin; AMPK; Apoptosis; Breast cancer; Mitochondrion; Carcinogenesis; Cancer; Mitochondrial ROS","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0009337154,0.0004448233,0.001103684,0.002408334,0.0002240608,0.001085839,0.0004417441,0.0009473988,0.001650158],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002159659,0.0001778538,0.001333735,0.002241222,0.0002819437,0.0009227709,0.0005368197,0.0007054425,0.0002116826],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008729259,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002039384,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001235124,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003455725,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996287,0.0001368845,0.0000879892,0.00003970495,0.0000791728,0.00002760693],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990797,0.0005656534,0.0001957598,0.00001492111,0.0001222247,0.00002166914],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0005445306,0.0001079698,0.001571862,0.2497427,0.001821007,0.0008421944,0.0003050819,0.0007322518,0.002610648,0.005943624,0.009462226,0.7263159],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0003655752,0.001235528,0.01843875,0.2111567,0.0117751,0.005431265,0.0009185885,0.0008385532,0.003083416,0.01067697,0.735952,0.0001275787],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.0005042259,0.998727,0.00004569937,0.0003877081,0.0000436567,0.000007532242,0.00003320856,0.000001358009,0.0002495404],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.005032321,0.9943873,0.0001482558,0.0002231845,0.00006508619,0.00001605997,0.00003084886,4.698572e-7,0.00009659222],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.002408334,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.00633353,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03096708154915331,"score_gpt":0.3935705524972484,"score_spread":0.3626034709480951,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}