{"id":"W4415299526","doi":"10.3390/jimaging11100368","title":"Unsupervised Segmentation of Bolus and Residue in Videofluoroscopy Swallowing Studies","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Imaging","topic":"Dysphagia Assessment and Management","field":"Health Professions","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"North York General Hospital; Vector Institute; Canada Research Chairs; University of Toronto","funders":"National Institutes of Health; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; University of Pittsburgh","keywords":"Segmentation; Pattern recognition (psychology); Swallowing; Bolus (digestion); Autoencoder; Unsupervised learning; Deep learning; Convolutional neural network","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001645484,0.0005680948,0.0006050155,0.001270132,0.0002442268,0.0009069403,0.000648728,0.001061972,0.0003010425],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003864033,0.0002965581,0.0006270363,0.0004586149,0.0004360743,0.0007147303,0.0007042264,0.0004995207,0.0003193235],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004305136,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.000670292,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002877119,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.005107041,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994099,0.0001735271,0.00005939495,0.0001734252,0.0001197974,0.00006387626],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.99884,0.000553284,0.0001844023,0.0001294118,0.0002454821,0.00004731063],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.001278436,0.0002416233,0.02446833,0.0004988268,0.0002320568,0.0008417764,0.0006081828,0.1051349,0.1965609,0.001615101,0.002332969,0.6661869],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00002698021,0.0003587039,0.02466943,0.0001151402,0.0001087795,0.0009838957,0.0002110439,0.8842767,0.083751,0.00239433,0.003060114,0.0000439586],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.5095321,0.001938881,0.4844377,0.0001899182,0.00005454622,0.0002286494,0.000356941,0.001542098,0.001719218],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8377388,0.0007944552,0.1585526,0.0001128527,0.00004557508,0.00009564957,0.0008390662,0.0001736225,0.001647494],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.002877119,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.008702278,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03586500070664759,"score_gpt":0.4738188125208922,"score_spread":0.4379538118142446,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}