{"id":"W4415373337","doi":"10.3389/feart.2025.1634237","title":"From rocks to pixels: a comprehensive framework for grain shape characterization through image analysis of roundness and roughness descriptors","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Frontiers in Earth Science","topic":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de Chicoutimi; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université du Québec à Chicoutimi","funders":"","keywords":"Roundness (object); Surface finish; Principal component analysis; Computation; Surface roughness; Characterization (materials science); Pattern recognition (psychology); Shape analysis (program analysis)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001475669,0.0001174628,0.000302891,0.0005259503,0.0001146577,0.0001149867,0.0002218585,0.00005993074,0.000003992277],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001141097,0.0001207378,0.00003798265,0.002872508,0.0001437746,0.0004802052,0.00004698186,0.00009165949,2.499798e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003872011,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003214243,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00006855959,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001752568,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999077,0.00001229773,0.0002240753,0.000299547,0.0001475681,0.0002394629],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996215,0.00004808134,0.00004360361,0.0001580548,0.00008245782,0.00004632085],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001856555,0.0001199883,0.1878811,0.0007809824,0.0006836845,0.000005303338,0.03826295,0.1606055,0.4829893,0.002137106,0.001044775,0.1253037],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002828815,0.00002567001,0.1181396,0.0003574262,0.0001370657,1.65669e-7,0.001909274,0.8609385,0.01133506,0.005577772,0.001014966,0.0002816185],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.4961608,0.0001146223,0.5029765,0.00002825084,0.0005417699,0.00009296853,0.00002655188,0.0000227983,0.0000357063],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.8518149,0.00001930565,0.1479653,0.00008574867,0.00002576076,0.00001863396,0.0000195003,0.000007028971,0.00004391347],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.700333,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4923546,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0139161748844317,"score_gpt":0.2691602675097311,"score_spread":0.2552440926252994,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}