{"id":"W4415385981","doi":"10.1111/jep.70298","title":"Understanding and Managing Confounders, Mediators and Colliders in Research","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice","topic":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","field":"Mathematics","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary; Memorial University of Newfoundland","funders":"","keywords":"Causal inference; Element (criminal law); Causality (physics); Causal structure; Causal model; Data collection; Causal reasoning","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":["metaresearch"],"consensus_categories":["metaresearch"],"category_scores_codex":[0.327452,0.002744867,0.003748176,0.00886889,0.00503868,0.01474901,0.0054265,0.008963922,0.007696564],"category_scores_gemma":[0.543067,0.004123551,0.004166462,0.01068426,0.02626558,0.03376719,0.01937683,0.01187141,0.001236845],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.007207741,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.02420237,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002997524,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.002803087,"domain_scores_codex":[0.6603962,0.2828216,0.02103874,0.01366044,0.02050517,0.001577963],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.2857265,0.6404091,0.03619801,0.02306164,0.01298662,0.001618122],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":"methods","domain_candidate":"methods","domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002003057,0.00006407764,0.005287304,0.004237508,0.000366172,0.0004350816,0.01295089,0.004362452,0.0005317624,0.8030251,0.004762362,0.1637771],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008896307,0.00009930947,0.001009185,0.004789141,0.0003321058,0.0003148713,0.001529461,0.005651459,0.0007048489,0.9569519,0.02842622,0.0001024872],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"methods","genre_scores_codex":[0.002992425,0.01007549,0.9532242,0.02677316,0.0005716263,0.001542674,0.0002250351,0.0003143965,0.004280955],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0681977,0.009112103,0.9091862,0.004339998,0.000982423,0.00687041,0.0001886227,0.0001393666,0.0009832388],"genre_candidate":"methods","genre_consensus":"methods","teacher_disagreement_score":0.6725479,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.8293714,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.8119926734466607,"score_gpt":0.6927171313995422,"score_spread":0.1192755420471185,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}