{"id":"W4415387833","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70132","title":"A comprehensive review on the extraction and recovery of lithium from primary and secondary sources: Advances toward battery‐grade materials","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Lithium (medication); Context (archaeology); Lithium hydroxide; Lithium carbonate; Lithium vanadium phosphate battery; Lithium battery; Battery (electricity); Solvent extraction","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":true,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00044217,0.001240566,0.001212505,0.003211622,0.0002951284,0.0009285242,0.0006637711,0.0007545268,0.004998171],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005702404,0.0004241469,0.0007253534,0.003697861,0.000276357,0.001378401,0.0005525287,0.0008568705,0.001882706],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0005018461,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001765657,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001727105,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003196571,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9998009,0.00002501087,0.00003047161,0.0000373878,0.00008360095,0.00002273438],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997287,0.00009657173,0.00005277336,0.000007901564,0.00008886726,0.000025024],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001108292,0.0001502555,0.0001908409,0.09612516,0.0002307722,0.0003221896,0.0001418931,0.001175817,0.01255616,0.004541046,0.04491322,0.8395419],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001235411,0.0001556462,0.0008444595,0.005387974,0.000229831,0.0004974074,0.00007180875,0.0001445491,0.002022014,0.0007362858,0.9898683,0.00002937161],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0004881658,0.9970306,0.0002978108,0.0001568922,0.0001992094,0.00001387231,0.00007265098,0.00001644489,0.001724298],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0009585575,0.9976895,0.0003405733,0.00009428958,0.00006837056,0.000009817247,0.0000570849,0.0000020317,0.0007797544],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004998171,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.01672059,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0228620007254294,"score_gpt":0.2552798065273287,"score_spread":0.2324178058018993,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}