{"id":"W4415438898","doi":"10.1080/23247797.2025.2569905","title":"Spanish vocabulary and grammar development in study abroad experiences","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Spanish Language Teaching","topic":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"McMaster University; Wilfrid Laurier University","funders":"","keywords":"Study abroad; Grammar; Vocabulary; Vocabulary development; Subject (documents)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001018129,0.0002076775,0.0004066433,0.0008660941,0.0008651224,0.002708624,0.0003716326,0.0004867616,0.003513852],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00347927,0.0001414212,0.0002088929,0.0005161946,0.001454214,0.001322063,0.002297484,0.0009071109,0.000311635],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001174141,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0007390002,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01043586,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.01578398,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9994686,0.0001927081,0.00002573303,0.00007544887,0.0001059926,0.0001314477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983999,0.0005952258,0.0002893175,0.00005769165,0.000188265,0.000469606],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"qualitative","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001117624,0.0003122985,0.2948151,0.0001950743,0.00003358899,0.003330708,0.6488332,0.00009846027,0.001891228,0.002251646,0.001872166,0.04625474],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001124559,0.0002104153,0.3919524,0.0001724459,0.00001964569,0.001589713,0.5830477,0.00007972303,0.0003851301,0.001059965,0.02143905,0.00003255191],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9949881,0.0004767682,0.00003369679,0.0002013526,0.00001090398,0.000004808105,0.00002895707,0.000002340744,0.004253137],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9963611,0.000782439,0.00005193898,0.00007629564,0.000007092716,0.000008376379,0.00006785207,0.000005794264,0.002639099],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01043586,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.02075028,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008400059880147574,"score_gpt":0.3455383902447906,"score_spread":0.337138330364643,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}