{"id":"W4415478691","doi":"10.1016/j.jisa.2025.104284","title":"Security concerns for Large Language Models: A survey","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Information Security and Applications","topic":"Topic Modeling","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"McGill University","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Canada Research Chairs","keywords":"Competitor analysis; Key (lock); Focus (optics); Security through obscurity; Natural language; Open research; Critical security studies","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.01769172,0.001278006,0.002769991,0.004043491,0.00118841,0.007105273,0.003460974,0.003684559,0.00421506],"category_scores_gemma":[0.07572624,0.002221791,0.002457146,0.005198294,0.002534515,0.02110815,0.003654127,0.005362556,0.001895715],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.002691621,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003025065,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002008123,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001422852,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9851362,0.006121457,0.001575919,0.001765466,0.00488401,0.0005169717],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.8507078,0.1322395,0.003629693,0.007314567,0.00532698,0.0007814793],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0003853786,0.000448872,0.01319782,0.005371206,0.0005142771,0.0005803381,0.001644167,0.04072285,0.002601604,0.321441,0.02973595,0.5833566],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00008931855,0.0002536025,0.003091588,0.001850205,0.0004380595,0.002631354,0.001221255,0.2315622,0.005307013,0.5697612,0.1836223,0.0001719199],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"methods","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.03251315,0.2586567,0.6615614,0.02615767,0.0006537264,0.0002684994,0.001282188,0.002700893,0.01620575],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.4529619,0.3094477,0.2108117,0.006614564,0.006685703,0.0005770987,0.004449575,0.002131443,0.006320362],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01769172,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.09356385,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02257318162330452,"score_gpt":0.3026937380893925,"score_spread":0.280120556466088,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}