{"id":"W4415504434","doi":"10.1017/s0022050725100867","title":"Reconstructing History: Using Language to Estimate Religious Spread","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Journal of Economic History","topic":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"","keywords":"Islam; Buddhism; Natural language","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001307824,0.00009260333,0.0002385182,0.0001462058,0.0002906329,0.00001225916,0.0002955371,0.00003760795,0.000235828],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001856252,0.0000790959,0.0000831181,0.00003243354,0.000206574,0.0001459367,0.00004707003,0.0001425849,0.00004968417],"about_ca_system_candidate":true,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006322489,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.001256467,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001309428,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001776827,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991617,0.00009748606,0.0003922195,0.00009622257,0.00006218947,0.0001901424],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9992289,0.0001389603,0.0003669119,0.0001241212,0.00005062938,0.00009046446],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"not_applicable","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001765045,0.0000294298,0.01232403,0.00003135909,0.0002843426,0.00002456356,0.2438927,0.00213722,0.0004346341,0.01036118,0.7230526,0.007251545],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0001760697,0.0000115255,0.0003157942,0.0000769005,0.00005561584,0.0000113388,0.009962844,0.00005677868,0.0000181992,0.0007638817,0.9884298,0.0001212318],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":"not_applicable","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7315236,0.02434,0.0003098593,0.002243653,0.008157672,0.0001776341,0.000001460374,0.00003294451,0.2332131],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9622179,0.001442775,0.004422715,0.002333399,0.001160664,0.000003866528,4.908351e-7,0.00002413116,0.0283941],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2653773,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9974921,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04057133348618519,"score_gpt":0.32195764096245,"score_spread":0.2813863074762648,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}