{"id":"W4415507511","doi":"10.1016/j.cpet.2025.09.006","title":"A Brief History of Digital Twin Technology","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"PET Clinics","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","keywords":"SPARK (programming language); Virtual screening; In silico; Virtual patient; Tracking (education); Drug; Digital health","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008939092,0.0002694127,0.001116608,0.0004230805,0.000005851327,0.0000187962,0.0004257543,0.0004927972,0.00005511926],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002021365,0.0002815567,0.0003602951,0.000375888,0.0001084579,0.0001726965,0.00005530321,0.0006674958,0.0001174434],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00034411,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0004697764,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":2.149462e-7,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.869741e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984823,0.000008576898,0.001033006,0.0001669695,0.000124666,0.0001845046],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9990231,0.0002927348,0.0001487614,0.000448553,0.00004721756,0.000039611],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[3.4292e-7,0.0000195033,0.000001810656,0.02667116,0.00009545059,0.000006839296,0.00001146143,0.00001976395,3.145429e-9,0.001149827,0.01348711,0.9585367],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00007343326,0.00001319118,5.207697e-8,0.006858013,0.0001373715,0.00002214139,0.000008821698,0.00003100125,1.147924e-7,0.0002394862,0.9924117,0.0002047123],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[4.550161e-7,0.778271,0.0002243277,0.00000513317,0.00128362,0.0001861098,0.0002739795,0.0003458277,0.2194096],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.00001047824,0.9921446,0.0001312309,0.000007013874,0.00005137266,0.0000482007,0.0001220027,0.00004831169,0.007436798],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.9789246,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999636,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04461357790930678,"score_gpt":0.3092769831336022,"score_spread":0.2646634052242955,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}