{"id":"W4415507511","doi":"10.1016/j.cpet.2025.09.006","title":"A Brief History of Digital Twin Technology","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"review","venue":"PET Clinics","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","keywords":"SPARK (programming language); Virtual screening; In silico; Virtual patient; Tracking (education); Drug; Digital health","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001116344,0.0008923634,0.001101705,0.004828358,0.0005718397,0.002480846,0.0008014483,0.001913998,0.01332134],"category_scores_gemma":[0.002975726,0.000409929,0.0006611153,0.005640478,0.000893509,0.003100833,0.001242121,0.003289322,0.004149377],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00146531,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003086637,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002489173,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.007181551,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996004,0.0001102883,0.00006892635,0.0000633985,0.0001173458,0.00003978244],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9983634,0.001099625,0.0001691441,0.00003492293,0.0002227527,0.0001100806],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001157811,0.0001130328,0.0001842972,0.02969855,0.00006228522,0.0002295173,0.0001884833,0.000221696,0.0007242081,0.01781972,0.1520382,0.7986042],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001189192,0.00005408088,0.0003496736,0.007843288,0.00004352887,0.0004465277,0.00006053446,0.00002912044,0.00007616916,0.00134797,0.9897245,0.00001276577],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00005603715,0.9966173,0.00007196343,0.0006876101,0.000703142,0.000005527088,0.00002739061,0.000005391002,0.001825602],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.0004610008,0.9952763,0.0001896633,0.001895786,0.0007167017,0.0000104925,0.00003953494,0.000003093269,0.00140738],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.01332134,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.04456431,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.04461357790930678,"score_gpt":0.3092769831336022,"score_spread":0.2646634052242955,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}