{"id":"W4415517547","doi":"10.1002/ppp3.70117","title":"Digitisation of herbarium specimens to the benefit of research: An African perspective focusing on South Africa and Western Indian Ocean Island states","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Plants People Planet","topic":"Species Distribution and Climate Change","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"","keywords":"Herbarium; Biodiversity; Indian ocean; IUCN Red List; Marine conservation; Digital collections","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.000244102,0.0000927191,0.0001409664,0.00008830491,0.000128792,0.00004517489,0.0001682009,0.00003753244,0.001112631],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003722113,0.00007081722,0.00001117078,0.0002542736,0.0001301189,0.00006776606,0.0001171229,0.0000983086,0.00004882595],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001561187,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001019026,"about_ca_topic_candidate":true,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.002918122,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02493686,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999006,0.00005389888,0.0001474747,0.0002298496,0.0003244965,0.0002383098],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9994777,0.0001748378,0.00006172891,0.0001899383,0.00001783783,0.00007789503],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000835241,0.0005453131,0.6821081,0.00008414539,0.00008000104,0.00001915285,0.2907167,0.001032191,0.002272078,0.002791846,0.01845617,0.00105905],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002851876,0.0003092986,0.8955571,0.00003717821,0.000009084833,0.000004167785,0.09758899,0.0000783204,0.0008014372,0.0003626022,0.004857606,0.0001089905],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9803162,0.00002760574,0.000004897322,0.0006458719,0.00003779477,0.0002304143,0.003713729,0.00001164564,0.01501184],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993665,0.00002687367,0.000005502563,0.00005477991,0.00001513918,0.000003604453,0.0003246047,0.000005054083,0.0001979468],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2134491,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998005,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03849338129968356,"score_gpt":0.2845726375525459,"score_spread":0.2460792562528624,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}