{"id":"W4415570706","doi":"10.1017/s1366728925100631","title":"Effects of bilingualism on foreign language learning during kindergarten years: investigating underlying mechanisms","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Bilingualism Language and Cognition","topic":"Reading and Literacy Development","field":"Psychology","cited_by":2,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta","funders":"Sociale en Geesteswetenschappen, NWO; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","keywords":"Neuroscience of multilingualism; Foreign language; Vocabulary; Grammar; English as a foreign language; Cognate; Second language; Vocabulary development","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0003906156,0.0002259253,0.000301951,0.0003830246,0.0001642374,0.00005999518,0.000108023,0.0001725777,0.00007142555],"category_scores_gemma":[0.000470671,0.0002230895,0.00007856224,0.0003138573,0.00006330993,0.00007478902,0.00005670869,0.0003179475,0.00001794094],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00003214836,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00004264846,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0001940862,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000008353309,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9984021,0.0002067148,0.0003989828,0.0004526876,0.0002128911,0.0003266769],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9988973,0.0005783984,0.0001904556,0.0001978394,0.00006067625,0.00007538752],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001952131,0.0002886965,0.001090119,0.001232163,0.0004352016,0.0007951474,0.2977782,0.00001971112,0.5344285,0.02921725,0.0000507454,0.134469],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.007690622,0.0006096622,0.04907519,0.005216334,0.0005332546,0.0001302771,0.1794052,0.0002013574,0.7304397,0.02518085,0.0002798581,0.001237687],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9892172,0.001151322,0.0006703378,0.00003030059,0.0002478816,0.0003579297,0.000004243324,0.0001732896,0.008147446],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9967732,0.00001660706,0.0008976772,0.0004964373,0.00008267887,0.00005682379,0.00005902993,0.00003265285,0.001584938],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1960112,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9097327,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01385253568783571,"score_gpt":0.3085241964490775,"score_spread":0.2946716607612418,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}