{"id":"W4415592261","doi":"10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128814","title":"Multi-length-scale thermal modeling of lithium-ion batteries from sub-cell to pack","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Applied Thermal Engineering","topic":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Mitacs; Ontario Research Foundation; CMC Microsystems","keywords":"Battery (electricity); Battery pack; Thermal; Range (aeronautics); Reliability (semiconductor); Heat generation; Work (physics); Power (physics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001011741,0.0003258856,0.0003638953,0.0002803559,0.00004547245,0.00003043599,0.0005042888,0.0001763007,0.00002593222],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00002068488,0.0003462964,0.00007147641,0.0004238784,0.00003698529,0.0001248467,0.0003618526,0.0004560982,0.0000495163],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001086877,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001309932,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0000158738,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000003292972,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9985207,0.000007796923,0.0003827756,0.0003335707,0.00020733,0.0005478511],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991888,0.0001030037,0.00002456469,0.0005648604,0.00003891891,0.0000797866],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001342517,0.00001410903,0.00002298667,0.00007206097,0.00002598939,0.00000138529,0.000134792,0.4892322,0.5034934,0.0000428993,0.000009559932,0.006937147],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0002907728,0.000009930583,0.0003495459,0.00005260744,0.000008257345,1.725026e-7,0.00008788834,0.4318446,0.5669318,0.00002839097,0.0001845661,0.0002115492],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.7077841,0.0002202761,0.2887255,0.00003445677,0.0001731607,0.0002859682,0.00002219109,0.0007899409,0.001964461],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9724658,0.00003889613,0.02712063,0.00003352142,0.00005563012,0.0001376336,0.00001297044,0.00009296536,0.00004191741],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2646817,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998989,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01001667303389857,"score_gpt":0.2199762170317367,"score_spread":0.2099595439978381,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}