{"id":"W4415594941","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.5668409","title":"Harvesting Lithium from Brines via High-Selectivity Nanofiltration Integrated with Membrane Distillation","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"preprint","venue":"SSRN Electronic Journal","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"National Research Council Canada; University of Alberta","funders":"","keywords":"Nanofiltration; Membrane; Polyamide; Membrane distillation; Selectivity; Electrolyte; Polystyrene; Surface charge; Desalination","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001271688,0.0003152081,0.0003716419,0.0002016441,0.0002817027,0.0005680039,0.000388421,0.0005129486,0.001496475],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001428436,0.0002024386,0.0003066933,0.0002153544,0.0002557278,0.0007430433,0.0005372167,0.0005565181,0.001117549],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0004686195,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001777534,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004096276,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001197996,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999107,0.000005333117,0.000005112659,0.00002244521,0.00003462985,0.00002173267],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9999535,0.0000144653,0.000008841467,0.000009136666,0.000008857148,0.000005304494],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00005206227,0.00001211344,0.00007346447,0.00004938746,0.000003402919,0.00002164988,0.00002243396,0.00009066185,0.9967006,0.000233159,0.0001284642,0.002612669],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000006973987,0.00003588253,0.0002041671,0.000002500678,0.000003609888,0.00001712189,0.000009257253,0.0009585594,0.9974607,0.00007463378,0.001222026,0.000004564793],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9687926,0.001507124,0.021023,0.0005472667,0.0001435664,0.00004626196,0.0003811265,0.0008698318,0.00668923],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9885926,0.0005196258,0.006629214,0.00009682701,0.00002869871,0.00002619739,0.0001692358,0.00006103577,0.003876417],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001496475,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.005006194,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.006839250426406185,"score_gpt":0.2248962659917954,"score_spread":0.2180570155653892,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}