{"id":"W4415595819","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2524787122","title":"Reply to Singer: Strike paper mills at the root","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","topic":"Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Science North","funders":"","keywords":"Enthusiasm; Action (physics); Root (linguistics); Human resources; Call to action; Sociology of scientific knowledge; Scientific evidence; Root cause","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":["metaresearch","research_integrity"],"domain":"methods","study_design":"not_applicable","genre":"commentary","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0007564494,0.00008054473,0.0001134647,0.0000769762,0.0001704416,0.00002504408,0.0007258578,0.00004634731,0.00004190269],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003125397,0.00004216141,0.00006318268,0.0008741965,0.0002680382,0.0001686146,0.0001628917,0.0001194653,0.000003449866],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004249411,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001253267,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000003388674,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":2.522624e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9988984,0.000002423093,0.0002388789,0.0001481213,0.0005836766,0.0001285117],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996341,0.0001242275,0.00007981842,0.00001057389,0.0001266749,0.00002463102],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003721923,0.00005557022,0.001035385,0.0004228606,0.0001129841,1.090784e-8,0.0003687706,0.05558086,0.5443819,0.3739135,0.01900139,0.005089656],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004691337,0.00007851837,0.06083893,0.000534731,0.00007699129,0.00001017559,0.0003241219,0.1252422,0.3247124,0.3265244,0.1607272,0.0004612387],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8960627,0.0007184396,0.00003257621,0.01421097,0.00006392715,0.000216914,0.00001186975,0.00003417432,0.08864844],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9973798,0.00003704394,0.0002428088,0.001315031,0.00003298024,0.00000793232,5.576193e-8,0.000003615171,0.000980753],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2196694,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1719292,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01795617593417256,"score_gpt":0.2682183724584651,"score_spread":0.2502621965242926,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}