{"id":"W4415620163","doi":"10.3847/2041-8213/ae0c9c","title":"GW231123: A Binary Black Hole Merger with Total Mass 190–265 <i>M</i> <sub>⊙</sub>","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"The Astrophysical Journal Letters","topic":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":80,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"European Social Fund; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung; Science and Technology Facilities Council; National Science and Technology Council; European Regional Development Fund; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research; Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea; Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal; National Research Foundation; Vlaamse regering; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; Ministry of Education, India; Conseil Régional, Île-de-France; Israel Science Foundation; Scottish Universities Physics Alliance; National Natural Science Foundation of China; National Research Foundation of Korea; Division of Human Resource Development; Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund; Generalitat de Catalunya; Generalitat Valenciana; Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; U.S. Department of Energy; National Research, Development and Innovation Office; Great Southern Development Commission, Government of Western Australia; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India; Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej; Academia Sinica; Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics; Leverhulme Trust; European Commission; Russian Science Foundation; Scottish Funding Council; Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej; Centres de Recerca de Catalunya; Institut des Origines de Lyon; Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades; Science and Engineering Research Board; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Binary black hole; Black hole (networking); Redshift; Luminosity; LIGO; Stellar black hole; Spin-flip","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001605689,0.0002405816,0.0002575779,0.00009623326,0.0004104048,0.0002182212,0.0004072729,0.00002421366,0.00004154541],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00000460359,0.0001477264,0.0002553006,0.0004159855,0.0003521795,0.0002097008,0.0001014115,0.0008531773,0.0001433113],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00004936704,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001092235,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007392217,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":1.393978e-7,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9982606,0.0001655081,0.000256535,0.0002449074,0.0005345614,0.0005379282],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991854,0.0001554716,0.0001181414,0.0002741333,0.0001055645,0.000161243],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001956438,0.0001376698,0.0002691397,0.000005668805,0.000277096,0.00003881003,0.00008583606,0.009135,0.9682353,0.00486356,0.014563,0.002193311],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.02052756,0.003991913,0.4011464,0.001737673,0.001745773,0.0001361226,0.005731371,0.03325149,0.414587,0.08583762,0.02626319,0.005043957],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9771798,0.00001705883,0.006784713,0.015131,0.0001279633,0.0001593138,0.00006351376,0.000007788422,0.0005288449],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9959589,0.000002610256,0.0007958026,0.001158165,0.0008049531,0.00001555238,0.00003266313,0.00002512339,0.001206212],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5536483,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.6024107,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.00532958307163059,"score_gpt":0.2539243425683147,"score_spread":0.2485947594966841,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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