{"id":"W4415666323","doi":"10.1001/jama.2025.20516","title":"Development and Validation of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-2 Score","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"JAMA","topic":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","field":"Medicine","cited_by":77,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Alberta; Impact; Occupational Cancer Research Centre; University of Toronto; McMaster University; St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton","funders":"Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Macau; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Insight SFI Research Centre for Data Analytics; Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron; Medizinische Universität Graz; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz; University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Itä-Suomen Yliopisto; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Université de Montpellier; Uniwersytet Jagielloński Collegium Medicum; Medizinische Universität Wien; Jikei University School of Medicine; Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein; University of Galway; Tartu Ülikool; University College London; Université de Lausanne; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Universiteit Gent; Homi Bhabha National Institute; University of Bern; Kuopion Yliopistollinen Sairaala; University of Alberta; University of Toronto; Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Erasmus Medisch Centrum; Monash University; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; King's College London; School of Medicine, Emory University; Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent; Peking Union Medical College; Emory University; Universität Wien; Universidade da Beira Interior; Weill Cornell Medical College; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri - IRCCS; McMaster University; Università degli Studi di Palermo; Kaiser Permanente; Helsingin Yliopisto; Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris; Science Foundation Ireland; University of Pretoria; St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; University of Miami; Universidade do Porto","keywords":"Organ dysfunction; Critically ill; Organ system; Population; MEDLINE; Risk assessment","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[{"model":"gemma","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"bench_or_experimental","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"high","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"},{"model":"gpt","categories":[],"domain":null,"study_design":"observational","genre":"empirical","about_ca_system":false,"about_ca_topic":false,"confidence":"low","status":"direct model label, unvalidated"}],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00008833022,0.00006556819,0.0001188634,0.00003837476,0.00005559944,0.00001740272,0.00003623344,0.00004358234,0.00006155378],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003179095,0.00003981257,0.00003176125,0.0001211818,0.00002460716,0.00002766924,0.00005131475,0.00005829947,0.00000249956],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00008862274,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001860787,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000017048,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00002128522,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999519,0.00001947051,0.0001293433,0.0001147256,0.000147151,0.00007033836],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999687,0.00002770743,0.00004737375,0.0001498016,0.00006295447,0.00002519672],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001989244,0.0002704853,0.9421597,0.0001132715,0.0002331295,0.000005457243,0.0003991459,0.000002097693,0.005973811,0.00346831,0.005043296,0.04231146],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001316556,0.00002891157,0.6644676,0.0002092036,0.0001080555,0.000003679243,0.0001631582,0.000009579168,0.3118022,0.00006220718,0.02179592,0.0000329496],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9880211,0.00008200188,0.00006499344,0.009567497,0.0001006513,0.0002641249,0.000002068167,0.00001108082,0.001886525],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962066,0.00001440728,0.002825876,0.000455124,0.00002712568,0.00002665113,0.00001658496,0.000004421233,0.0004232322],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3058284,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1623509,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05248106105983918,"score_gpt":0.3397999851594158,"score_spread":0.2873189240995767,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). 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