{"id":"W4415689705","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-02420-6_9","title":"Technological Approaches in Fermentation Techniques for Enzyme Production and Application in Biorefineries","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Biofuel and biorefinery technologies","topic":"Biofuel production and bioconversion","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"York University","funders":"","keywords":"Biorefinery; Biofuel; Fermentation; Sustainability; Production (economics); Process integration; Bioreactor; Enzymatic hydrolysis; Metabolic engineering","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002201441,0.0004003249,0.0004009301,0.001107865,0.00006158907,0.00003901096,0.0001520507,0.00125639,0.000001718489],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00006392776,0.0003396669,0.00004621682,0.0002127561,0.0007322348,0.0001254277,0.0001395547,0.0004213707,0.000001236765],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001111662,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00001486927,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000007448856,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004067492,"domain_scores_codex":[0.998593,0.000006721184,0.000408725,0.0006614656,0.00009330105,0.0002367832],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995592,0.00002173729,0.00008912998,0.0002845343,0.00002870431,0.00001673581],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00007695708,0.00005201382,0.001100622,0.002160238,0.0000305928,0.000002480062,0.00003011074,0.000003159873,0.02456266,0.04248974,0.001005447,0.928486],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001155238,0.0005235968,0.001751564,0.001637595,0.0001283436,0.00005967115,0.001490024,0.002009261,0.2919411,0.1685333,0.528141,0.0026292],"study_design_candidate":"design_other","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.2435107,0.271856,0.02401562,0.113468,0.005172742,0.05498939,0.002214003,0.08614834,0.1986252],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9269134,0.04069722,0.01271005,0.0000599276,0.0001293242,0.001534827,0.0003503383,0.00009435346,0.01751056],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.9258568,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999055,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02630537098310391,"score_gpt":0.2213025852877454,"score_spread":0.1949972143046415,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}