{"id":"W4415692499","doi":"10.3846/jcem.2025.24921","title":"Advancing civil infrastructure with digital twins: a review of applications and challenges","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Journal of Civil Engineering and Management","topic":"Digital Transformation in Industry","field":"Engineering","cited_by":5,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"","keywords":"Interoperability; Cloud computing; Sustainability; Civil infrastructure; Resilience (materials science); Data sharing; Big data; Transformative learning; Scalability","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001962146,0.0009365201,0.0008606546,0.004716708,0.0006757982,0.003250791,0.001433375,0.002183156,0.004895886],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003933234,0.0006744456,0.0007548267,0.007095296,0.001588922,0.007971575,0.002006061,0.002157379,0.001914448],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001398174,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.002501499,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.003089486,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.003730423,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9989257,0.0002450494,0.0001365635,0.0001348584,0.0004558229,0.0001019205],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9964476,0.002394115,0.0002042243,0.0001210224,0.0006807787,0.0001522943],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00003360822,0.00007720308,0.0006926941,0.01711488,0.00003856554,0.0002303771,0.0005242437,0.002421808,0.0009221883,0.08296131,0.02960851,0.8653746],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000003924187,0.00006424948,0.0008236628,0.008062668,0.00003877355,0.000582531,0.0006387945,0.0008392443,0.0004623362,0.01107292,0.9773734,0.00003742881],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.0007590647,0.9850131,0.002634353,0.002387869,0.0005090652,0.00002320895,0.00005176051,0.00003633925,0.008585195],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.003410378,0.9930509,0.001689893,0.0005137359,0.0003518133,0.00001508523,0.00005644209,0.00001366369,0.0008981636],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.004895886,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0163784,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.004662984106773575,"score_gpt":0.1934854954041782,"score_spread":0.1888225112974047,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}