{"id":"W4415718940","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c09948","title":"The Next Lithium Boom? Assessment of U.S. Domestic Production Pathways through Economic and Environmental Lenses","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science & Technology","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":3,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration","keywords":"Sustainability; Operating expense; Payback period; Capital cost; Internal rate of return; Capital expenditure; Lithium (medication); Production (economics)","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001560557,0.0001063013,0.0001025953,0.0001402786,0.0003351822,0.00003615583,0.000206627,0.00006622924,0.00003694109],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00001443846,0.00008863378,0.00001728127,0.0001836957,0.001526433,0.0004072239,0.00009590645,0.0001530012,0.00001353329],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002980544,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00003561515,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.000002557441,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000005325192,"domain_scores_codex":[0.999228,0.000008409907,0.0002058377,0.0002493993,0.0001181589,0.0001902022],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9996683,0.00003066616,0.00005103654,0.000226448,0.00000154328,0.00002201271],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000003949388,0.00005864246,0.007717138,0.00001696358,0.00001648443,0.000001033553,0.0001532122,0.003500902,0.9515218,0.01038872,0.0002386321,0.02638257],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004439856,0.0002159472,0.07863118,0.00003533076,0.00003644597,0.00009664424,0.006215763,0.01244179,0.7930944,0.01046646,0.09791782,0.0004041976],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9923245,0.001301469,0.0008727849,0.0006418902,0.0004513051,0.0001859817,0.000007544034,0.0001144273,0.004100147],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9962791,0.002790728,0.000470949,0.00002479201,0.00001143865,0.00003434162,0.000002697864,0.000006091317,0.0003798183],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1584273,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5624206,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.008767969192058231,"score_gpt":0.2446607367088912,"score_spread":0.235892767516833,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}