{"id":"W4415777911","doi":"10.1017/s003358352510005x","title":"Time-resolved fluorescence of tryptophan in biophysical chemistry and pharmaceutical research – the pleasures and nightmares dealing with nature’s own fluorophore","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics","topic":"Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis","field":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Toronto","funders":"Phospholipid Research Center; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","keywords":"Fluorophore; Fluorescence; Tryptophan; Förster resonance energy transfer; Energy transfer; Fluorescence in the life sciences","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001479963,0.0005669808,0.000726302,0.0009104489,0.0004244448,0.00149442,0.0009363756,0.001599026,0.00147786],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0009004878,0.0003779395,0.0004464173,0.001165024,0.001225941,0.002620199,0.0009183839,0.002686443,0.00150647],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0008401814,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0006965718,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003801961,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000438593,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9993985,0.0001351687,0.00004170811,0.000134976,0.0002285419,0.00006113477],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9995585,0.0002181326,0.00005141332,0.00003413674,0.00009783712,0.0000400121],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000205499,0.0001836645,0.0007210594,0.01353182,0.000127372,0.0008510656,0.0008750751,0.001395916,0.1828706,0.07653888,0.04853359,0.6741655],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000009744468,0.000232348,0.0009076254,0.001352446,0.00005100115,0.001688201,0.0002054028,0.0006656554,0.04564825,0.01852653,0.9306413,0.00007161679],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.002625449,0.9816534,0.00782694,0.002191634,0.001277761,0.0000151448,0.00003278585,0.0000516452,0.004325276],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.02315311,0.9593898,0.007230128,0.001626375,0.001460498,0.00005096062,0.0001173399,0.00004361783,0.006928123],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.001599026,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.007826924,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01559863193225522,"score_gpt":0.3339223651227752,"score_spread":0.31832373319052,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}