{"id":"W4415861906","doi":"10.3390/eng6110309","title":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Off-Grid Electrification: A Comprehensive Review of Storage Technologies, Metaheuristic Optimization Approaches and Key Challenges","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Eng—Advances in Engineering","topic":"Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems","field":"Energy","cited_by":12,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Windsor","funders":"","keywords":"Renewable energy; Software deployment; Key (lock); Implementation; Electrification; Electricity; Emerging technologies; Field (mathematics); Work (physics)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00038588,0.0003091846,0.0007742131,0.0004278107,0.00005196759,0.00002175932,0.0002993583,0.0001093559,0.000001792802],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0005160497,0.000314,0.00007196871,0.0005190472,0.00005025151,0.0002527998,0.00004932913,0.0001281943,2.076323e-7],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0001602335,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000541207,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0002402039,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004832881,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9981552,0.00009170804,0.0007233341,0.000496845,0.0001849813,0.0003479728],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986373,0.0004275511,0.0002449097,0.0005121995,0.0001409738,0.00003704782],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00001181231,0.00002743774,0.000003779526,0.01268988,0.00006947165,0.000003222187,0.00002043345,0.9562947,0.0002496889,0.01842875,0.0001404456,0.0120604],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0004199436,0.00004169061,0.000003873366,0.005269472,0.00005086297,0.00001558456,0.0001576609,0.6256983,0.005439748,0.0001549235,0.3624583,0.0002896478],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"review","genre_gemma":"review","genre_scores_codex":[0.00005746098,0.7084941,0.2886398,0.00008150072,0.0005831381,0.0003605816,0.00001223617,0.0002306922,0.001540493],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.1727494,0.8151924,0.01031365,0.00001652649,0.0001361729,0.001081905,0.00009704479,0.00006462276,0.0003482733],"genre_candidate":"review","genre_consensus":"review","teacher_disagreement_score":0.3623178,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999312,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01852971195998389,"score_gpt":0.2266330997001941,"score_spread":0.2081033877402102,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}