{"id":"W4415898308","doi":"10.1016/j.csite.2025.107350","title":"Influence mechanism of strong seepage on the development of single-circle pipe artificial freezing curtain in gravelly soil layer","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Case Studies in Thermal Engineering","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Université du Québec à Rimouski","funders":"East China Institute of Technology; State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province; National Natural Science Foundation of China","keywords":"Laminar flow; Congelation; Ground freezing; Coupling (piping); Flow (mathematics); Front (military); Mechanism (biology)","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0004265682,0.0001219225,0.0002144749,0.0001486201,0.00006494267,0.000007803633,0.0001207483,0.00003914918,0.00004323078],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00011258,0.00009962815,0.00002961217,0.0002961015,0.00005310403,0.00005655317,0.00004134146,0.0001398295,0.000003150096],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.00001968949,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002475082,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0003857011,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.008608131,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9991249,0.00003045998,0.0003547846,0.0001428646,0.0001152684,0.0002317053],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999414,0.0003578453,0.00005566813,0.0001247532,0.00002913676,0.00001855432],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00009433347,0.00008720889,0.0335359,0.0006357692,0.0001342643,0.0006473461,0.03485129,0.7202753,0.1938917,0.001729362,0.000005420929,0.01411215],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001281879,0.0003139172,0.1553674,0.003550229,0.00006180119,0.00007371902,0.0466271,0.1312483,0.6593272,0.0009704903,0.0001012003,0.001076784],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9984524,0.0004819106,0.0001112651,0.00002939699,0.0001800147,0.0001300251,0.00005630766,0.00001006595,0.0005486544],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9998218,0.00001707303,0.00008958614,0.00002750031,0.00002202898,0.000004666156,0.000008079791,0.000003651774,0.000005597162],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.589027,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.4803539,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05981129218935209,"score_gpt":0.2625986919650309,"score_spread":0.2027873997756788,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}