{"id":"W4415909671","doi":"10.1007/s11229-025-05305-y","title":"The density of structure","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Synthese","topic":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Simon Fraser University","funders":"","keywords":"Metaphysics; Pragmatism; Presupposition; Philosophy of language; Philosophy of science; Realism; Underdetermination","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001590432,0.00003212158,0.00005174386,0.00001172949,0.0000720208,0.000005251677,0.00021728,0.00003316367,0.0002802917],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002095701,0.00001755987,0.0000253242,0.0001253346,0.0003488214,0.000009987028,0.00003686712,0.000062616,0.00002826947],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000004252578,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00000912019,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00002034412,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.0000106605,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9996313,0.0000632002,0.00006648684,0.00008468109,0.00005522409,0.00009904097],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993179,0.0003825951,0.00001849325,0.0002459926,0.00001744819,0.00001758772],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002447507,0.000009782856,0.001032767,0.000001503351,0.00001041836,0.000001041273,0.0001038575,1.536991e-7,0.001285384,0.9853771,0.0001822127,0.01197126],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00003929362,0.000008868446,0.02653253,0.000007125428,0.000005632878,0.000001121592,0.00008506791,0.000005749449,0.007682284,0.9625319,0.003077183,0.00002328282],"study_design_candidate":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_consensus":"theoretical_or_conceptual","genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.461364,0.0001107288,0.0001974197,0.002215611,0.0004879086,0.00004997518,0.000005572339,0.00001195327,0.5355569],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9990136,0.000001460455,0.00002055216,0.0001314551,0.00001987164,0.000001443339,8.53158e-8,0.000001062427,0.0008104406],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.5376496,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.3068998,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.007127671213675423,"score_gpt":0.3002121545669987,"score_spread":0.2930844833533233,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}