{"id":"W4415945060","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-00182-5_15","title":"Green Chemistry and Zero Liquid Discharge Process for Complete Recovery of Lithium, Cobalt, Manganese, and Nickel from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"book-chapter","venue":"","topic":"Extraction and Separation Processes","field":"Engineering","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Leaching (pedology); Sulfuric acid; Nickel; Formic acid; Reagent; Cathode; Formate; Crystallization","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.00009972631,0.000369513,0.0005268021,0.0000743491,0.00007009536,0.00005285728,0.0001238755,0.0003954204,0.0002246768],"category_scores_gemma":[0.00003059716,0.0003630725,0.00008397645,0.00003262472,0.00007509375,0.0002208441,0.00004500202,0.0002613573,0.000004823721],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0000277143,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00005303157,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00004181075,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00004837632,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9987599,0.000006092406,0.0005137992,0.0003994944,0.0001543413,0.0001663233],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9991053,0.0002587117,0.000156589,0.0002212421,0.0001661851,0.00009193542],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.005225104,0.0005143064,0.000718792,0.185199,0.005804154,0.00005277444,0.006581824,0.002164166,0.4365143,0.04902244,0.2755133,0.03268994],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.002610615,0.0003738547,0.0001407232,0.003788645,0.0007321328,0.00006458018,0.0003333981,0.01152846,0.143994,0.02670954,0.8068891,0.002835],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"other","genre_scores_codex":[0.01962524,0.01313054,0.03968955,0.0006310731,0.0007615475,0.001512414,0.004899237,0.0006911599,0.9190592],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.02552198,0.003863195,0.001495918,0.00034881,0.000309966,0.0001076444,0.001483569,0.0001333598,0.9667355],"genre_candidate":"other","genre_consensus":"other","teacher_disagreement_score":0.5313758,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9998821,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.0223925791178754,"score_gpt":0.2530282514467038,"score_spread":0.2306356723288284,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}