{"id":"W4415961189","doi":"10.1039/d5ew00913h","title":"The synergy between particles and biofilms that drives drinking water discolouration processes in PVC pipes","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Environmental Science Water Research & Technology","topic":"Water Treatment and Disinfection","field":"Environmental Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Queen's University","funders":"","keywords":"Biofilm; Water resistance; Particle (ecology); Extracellular polymeric substance; Iron oxide","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001413402,0.0002263964,0.0002634389,0.000188127,0.0002731802,0.0006440241,0.0001675963,0.0004434682,0.001017767],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0002322254,0.0002853217,0.0002691523,0.0001046573,0.0002914601,0.0003285611,0.0004558659,0.0005096032,0.0002691587],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0003009151,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0002618059,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001000872,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001651149,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9997585,0.00003003079,0.000008955021,0.00006114024,0.00008021158,0.00006112437],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.999842,0.00004314763,0.00003146496,0.00001139922,0.00002876959,0.00004319955],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00002554919,0.00001035802,0.000358636,0.00002044518,0.000003018381,0.00003880059,0.00002246398,0.0000667934,0.9984589,0.00008309545,0.00004921459,0.0008628629],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00001165052,0.0002181127,0.01170429,0.000007739633,0.00001415233,0.0001563356,0.0001371298,0.002258495,0.9841278,0.0001883504,0.001164895,0.00001095265],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":"bench_or_experimental","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9961076,0.000380877,0.001822788,0.0001555109,0.00002674914,0.00001472634,0.00006920751,0.00003669178,0.001385884],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9982018,0.00009802091,0.0008342208,0.00002484104,0.00000752915,0.000008013095,0.00003981773,0.000007039644,0.0007786524],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001017767,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.003404796,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01802045091413929,"score_gpt":0.2836080757159913,"score_spread":0.2655876248018521,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}