{"id":"W4416000429","doi":"10.5465/amproc.2025.12369abstract","title":"Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Insurance: Reducing Litigation Risk While Encouraging Risk-Taking","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Academy of Management Proceedings","topic":"Auditing, Earnings Management, Governance","field":"Business, Management and Accounting","cited_by":1,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of Manitoba","funders":"","keywords":"Liability; Liability insurance; Litigation risk analysis; Profitability index; Moral hazard; Casualty insurance; Unintended consequences","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.002184868,0.000421769,0.0004713362,0.0006906597,0.0006239492,0.0004038473,0.0006106613,0.0001539942,0.00006865076],"category_scores_gemma":[0.005246129,0.0004573236,0.000123576,0.001548546,0.0002093223,0.002451,0.001007003,0.0006969433,0.00002856381],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000132842,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0000107596,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0005770995,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.000004200362,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969342,0.000019643,0.0008143372,0.001006249,0.0006384307,0.0005871726],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9797452,0.00009818677,0.01978964,0.0001745649,0.0001653391,0.00002705989],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0000513044,0.00007194863,0.6432241,0.002571131,0.000207377,0.000001036292,0.0003007926,0.0001446156,0.0002339122,0.05171874,0.005056323,0.2964188],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0008381173,0.00001037151,0.8679137,0.001085779,0.0003785199,3.809221e-7,0.0009534601,0.00244748,0.0004536404,0.007937006,0.1175376,0.0004439996],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8987041,0.0003173138,0.006338384,0.00127169,0.0002711438,0.0009089536,0.000006377146,0.0003810903,0.091801],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9953236,0.0007993366,0.001277967,0.0007983696,0.0004020646,0.00008205787,0.000005885272,0.00004673597,0.001263997],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.2959747,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9997879,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.01008762196244181,"score_gpt":0.230461491466812,"score_spread":0.2203738695043702,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}