{"id":"W4416024683","doi":"10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108130","title":"Evolution of unfrozen water in coarse-grained frozen soils during thermal thawing: Integrative observations and mechanistic modeling","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Results in Engineering","topic":"Climate change and permafrost","field":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Geomechanica (Canada)","funders":"Key Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province; Xijing University; State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering","keywords":"Soil water; Bound water; Phase (matter); Phase transition; Thermal; Instability; Electrical resistivity and conductivity; Cutoff","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0002785448,0.0001081549,0.0001644021,0.0002568469,0.00003611629,0.00001843991,0.00008161001,0.0000617491,0.00002709577],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001140587,0.0000848839,0.00002078771,0.0002343004,0.00001345652,0.0001450862,0.00002023851,0.00013624,0.000001423633],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.000031212,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00002024354,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00362562,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00758702,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9992121,0.0000209122,0.0002858994,0.0001687973,0.00009472921,0.0002175905],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997281,0.0001010882,0.00002104296,0.00009404827,0.00002911892,0.00002657084],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_gemma":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_scores_codex":[0.00008461528,0.00000907759,0.03183264,0.0001131208,0.000008550101,0.000007402508,0.003176635,0.9350049,0.029348,0.0001875767,0.000001759217,0.0002257106],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.0005249656,0.00001366724,0.0898111,0.0003111612,0.000004854277,9.249849e-7,0.0007137892,0.9068065,0.00145855,0.0002580257,0.000005737753,0.00009073274],"study_design_candidate":"simulation_or_modeling","study_design_consensus":"simulation_or_modeling","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9972795,0.0002681581,0.001190447,0.00007905853,0.0001245134,0.0001242574,0.0003127781,0.00002115315,0.000600128],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9993697,0.00005237763,0.0002943178,0.000007045497,0.00002347891,0.000002658731,0.0002142664,0.000003311547,0.00003278871],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05797846,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.5480878,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02292694783772653,"score_gpt":0.2169995520501726,"score_spread":0.1940726042124461,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}