{"id":"W4416041427","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.002","title":"Collaborative virtual learning factory for advanced manufacturing: investigating user experience and team dynamics","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"Manufacturing Letters","topic":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","field":"Computer Science","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":false,"ca_institutions":"University of Calgary","funders":"Engineering Information Foundation Grant; National Science Foundation","keywords":"Factory (object-oriented programming); Interdependence; Teamwork; Task (project management); Flexibility (engineering); Virtual collaboration; Workload; Virtual reality; Augmented reality","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001918784,0.0002620636,0.0002408746,0.0001854016,0.0005600867,0.0003882195,0.0005582291,0.00007863277,0.000002132026],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001539341,0.0002608713,0.00005297976,0.0001759379,0.0001589808,0.0007539715,0.0003225011,0.0002810385,0.000003495958],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002015144,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00006231842,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.00003793721,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00001458831,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983997,0.00005438974,0.000296219,0.0006131691,0.0001973202,0.0004392044],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9989075,0.0003288258,0.0001548176,0.00042594,0.00003842123,0.000144469],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"design_other","study_design_gemma":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001210514,0.000206142,0.005392032,0.0005041372,0.0003175893,0.00001499664,0.03386101,0.09698438,0.1326254,0.07452133,0.005447249,0.6500047],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001600557,0.000227875,0.03416573,0.0002208819,0.0000254122,0.000007612932,0.003307603,0.04417506,0.8633932,0.002031126,0.04984776,0.0009972025],"study_design_candidate":"bench_or_experimental","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.6224168,0.00001575775,0.3742676,0.00238762,0.0001259874,0.0003369109,0.000006210779,0.0001539509,0.0002891482],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9812186,0.00001275395,0.01543955,0.002670568,0.00002981729,0.0001521144,0.00001272123,0.00001639504,0.000447458],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.7307678,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999843,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.009007454797901215,"score_gpt":0.2599495577054936,"score_spread":0.2509421029075924,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}