{"id":"W4416054071","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2504.10869","title":"Unveiling a young thick disk in the Milky Way","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"preprint","venue":"ArXiv.org","topic":"Astronomy and Astrophysical Research","field":"Physics and Astronomy","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"","funders":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities; Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; University of Colorado Boulder; Office of Science; Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação; U.S. Department of Energy; Smithsonian Institution; National Natural Science Foundation of China; University of Oxford; York University; Leibniz-Gemeinschaft; University of Notre Dame; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias; Carnegie Mellon University; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; University of Washington; Johns Hopkins University; Carnegie Institution of Washington; University of Utah; Ohio State University; New Mexico State University; University of Portsmouth; Vanderbilt University; Yale University; Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik; Yunnan University","keywords":"Milky Way; Thin disk; Thick disk; Galaxy; Disc; Galaxy formation and evolution; Star formation","routes":{"ca_aff":false,"ca_fund":true,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":true},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.0001208229,0.0001568239,0.0001546285,0.001016843,0.0002897213,0.0009989953,0.0002446852,0.0003319843,0.0003821192],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0003689018,0.0001934978,0.0001455582,0.000470911,0.0005249497,0.0008270378,0.0009064266,0.0001872833,0.0001298301],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002688899,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.0001161865,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.001296919,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.001398423,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9999462,0.000004864245,0.000002932585,0.00001918116,0.00001189723,0.00001484236],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9997668,0.00002806503,0.000109177,0.00002415723,0.000022217,0.00004965334],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0002111027,0.00002611423,0.7895003,0.0001429625,0.00008239551,0.00308643,0.002176091,0.001259522,0.1667207,0.004825083,0.0004971021,0.0314723],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.00000440381,0.00003759925,0.9869385,0.00002071647,0.0000281198,0.001169345,0.001032059,0.001230803,0.004576524,0.001610427,0.003338925,0.00001258512],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.9976361,0.0008553226,0.0005141057,0.00004594009,0.000003926279,0.000001524738,0.00004828256,0.00001810603,0.0008767578],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9986141,0.0003422186,0.0006463681,0.00002360817,0.00001236562,0.000001324942,0.00009530476,0.000008829489,0.0002558966],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.001296919,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.002578795,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.03396665713822419,"score_gpt":0.311036431977927,"score_spread":0.2770697748397029,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}