{"id":"W4416084762","doi":"10.1017/9781009633574.003","title":"How Cities Evolve","year":2025,"lang":"","type":"book-chapter","venue":"Cambridge University Press eBooks","topic":"Urban Planning and Governance","field":"Social Sciences","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"University of British Columbia","funders":"","keywords":"Urban agglomeration; Competition (biology); Urban planning; Urban density; Order (exchange); Nonmarket forces; Field (mathematics); Urban climate; Urban economics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":false,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001120663,0.0003513776,0.0003340776,0.001065817,0.004593386,0.01454043,0.0009300475,0.002239541,0.01542795],"category_scores_gemma":[0.003474545,0.000394691,0.0004536272,0.002261787,0.007630607,0.01275065,0.006018117,0.003095628,0.004157211],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.006299088,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00451233,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.01464313,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.02784012,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9983229,0.0006452861,0.00004928101,0.0003544342,0.0002760427,0.0003519767],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9993062,0.0001295437,0.00006230579,0.0001814429,0.000160588,0.000159891],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"theoretical_or_conceptual","study_design_gemma":"not_applicable","study_design_scores_codex":[0.000009067368,0.00001125602,0.001666279,0.00007591696,0.00001712904,0.0001123666,0.008383091,0.001077229,0.0001450203,0.9461997,0.02122048,0.02108255],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000005616829,0.000008258188,0.001973716,0.0001552821,0.00001526648,0.00009217003,0.01211246,0.0005083634,0.0001479831,0.2368986,0.7480634,0.00001890459],"study_design_candidate":"not_applicable","study_design_consensus":null,"genre_codex":"other","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.06146999,0.009279475,0.01309175,0.05699206,0.001497946,0.00007388977,0.0008934037,0.0003460788,0.8563554],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.767127,0.01636258,0.008169545,0.009121915,0.0004761562,0.0001993029,0.0009616418,0.0006477676,0.196934],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":null,"teacher_disagreement_score":0.01542795,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.0516116,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.02653055584020725,"score_gpt":0.207681747859696,"score_spread":0.1811511920194887,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}