{"id":"W4416130928","doi":"10.7717/peerj.20340","title":"Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): obsolete norms identify psychopathology in nearly everyone","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PeerJ","topic":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Mount Royal University","funders":"","keywords":"Harm; Psychopathology; Personality; Personality Assessment Inventory; Risk assessment; Psychometrics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061c","candidate_categories":[],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.004143883,0.0003417155,0.0003107367,0.001193224,0.0007537531,0.000932099,0.0006381302,0.0003022389,0.001320403],"category_scores_gemma":[0.01151898,0.0001286669,0.0003195349,0.001289632,0.0008192592,0.0005687781,0.001134788,0.001194845,0.0003606808],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.001700776,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.003321799,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.05596036,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.09589339,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9960937,0.0005863703,0.0003584547,0.0002933847,0.002354366,0.000313704],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9918607,0.001283102,0.002138507,0.0006840098,0.003171447,0.0008623636],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001043768,0.0001293429,0.8974373,0.0001131624,0.00008821832,0.0001488157,0.002863975,0.0001784351,0.001472106,0.0008955211,0.007413006,0.08915585],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.000004266908,0.00007734382,0.994632,0.00005758349,0.00001572521,0.0001525752,0.0006780126,0.0001575608,0.0001765624,0.0003018048,0.003735877,0.00001070541],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.972611,0.001206821,0.004300832,0.001080108,0.0001614844,0.0004746713,0.001875297,0.0001278787,0.01816201],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9874849,0.0006796576,0.006879263,0.0004539515,0.00003179262,0.0003090597,0.002071596,0.00002830192,0.002061464],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.05596036,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.1112692,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05558471776433938,"score_gpt":0.4471279271773479,"score_spread":0.3915432094130085,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}