{"id":"W4416130928","doi":"10.7717/peerj.20340","title":"Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI): obsolete norms identify psychopathology in nearly everyone","year":2025,"lang":"en","type":"article","venue":"PeerJ","topic":"Psychological Testing and Assessment","field":"Psychology","cited_by":0,"is_retracted":false,"has_abstract":true,"ca_institutions":"Mount Royal University","funders":"","keywords":"Harm; Psychopathology; Personality; Personality Assessment Inventory; Risk assessment; Psychometrics","routes":{"ca_aff":true,"ca_fund":false,"ca_venue":false,"about_ca":true,"invisible_to_affiliation_only":false},"retraction":null,"screen":null,"direct_labels":[],"prediction":{"model_version":"codex-gemma-dda1882f352a","candidate_categories":["metaepi_narrow","insufficient_payload"],"consensus_categories":[],"category_scores_codex":[0.001440397,0.000286962,0.0004770988,0.0002731519,0.0001188253,0.00006837083,0.0004973097,0.0002801289,0.00144766],"category_scores_gemma":[0.0001511096,0.0002643482,0.0001801402,0.0006445303,0.0001899153,0.00009686426,0.0001290921,0.0007923692,0.0003846799],"about_ca_system_candidate":false,"about_ca_system_consensus":false,"about_ca_system_score_codex":0.0002204237,"about_ca_system_score_gemma":0.00008842633,"about_ca_topic_candidate":false,"about_ca_topic_consensus":false,"about_ca_topic_score_codex":0.0004885708,"about_ca_topic_score_gemma":0.00007754501,"domain_scores_codex":[0.9969465,0.0005656162,0.0006077882,0.000881751,0.0003158356,0.0006825227],"domain_scores_gemma":[0.9986292,0.0002723042,0.0001565645,0.0007346683,0.0000774307,0.0001298671],"domain_codex":null,"domain_gemma":null,"domain_candidate":null,"domain_consensus":null,"study_design_codex":"observational","study_design_gemma":"observational","study_design_scores_codex":[0.0001052084,0.001352759,0.9262968,0.00004669826,0.0001003639,0.0002674744,0.0007821425,0.00001242635,0.001826029,0.01066309,0.0461593,0.01238771],"study_design_scores_gemma":[0.001618089,0.0001519411,0.9752041,0.00007705056,0.000025118,0.00002058403,0.0003699855,0.00009494686,0.00001109646,0.00622394,0.01594353,0.0002596477],"study_design_candidate":"observational","study_design_consensus":"observational","genre_codex":"empirical","genre_gemma":"empirical","genre_scores_codex":[0.8219674,0.0007206596,0.002128122,0.002795361,0.003190017,0.0003235983,0.00001680276,0.0002059048,0.1686521],"genre_scores_gemma":[0.9741016,0.00001512938,0.001011099,0.002784401,0.0001559085,0.0002062946,0.00002655331,0.00001983797,0.02167916],"genre_candidate":"empirical","genre_consensus":"empirical","teacher_disagreement_score":0.1521342,"threshold_uncertainty_score":0.9999809,"prediction_status":"machine_predicted_unvalidated"},"machine_scores":{"provisional":true,"baseline":true,"maturity_gate_passed":false,"score_opus":0.05558471776433938,"score_gpt":0.4471279271773479,"score_spread":0.3915432094130085,"validation_status":"score_only:v0-immature-baseline","note":"Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed). Scores rank; they never assert a category."}}